HISTORICAL TIMELINE IN INVESTIGATION

The following timeline has been prepared to help you place people and events in perspective. I have obtained the data from a variety of sources and cannot vouch for its accuracy. If you find an error, please e-mail me. The first student with a valid correction will receive extra points on his/her grade. Extra points may also be obtained for significant additions.

PEOPLE, ORGANIZATIONS AND EVENTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INVESTIGATION
DATE	PEOPLE	ORGANIZATIONS & PROCEDURES	SUPPORT & EQUIPMENT	EXTERNAL MILIEU
1100's		Office of Coroner in England
1200's				Roger Bacon
1215				Magna Charta 4th Lateran Council
1253		Parish Constables appointed to patrol at night. They were paid by the inhabitants in the area. They lasted until 1829 in London.
1400's			muskets, printing, watches
early 1500's	Andreas Vesalius	established anatomy		Religious wars, Luther, Knox,
late 1500's	Ambrose Pare' Fidelis & Zacchia	conducted official autopsies description of wounds	microscope Bamberg Code 1507 Constitutis Criminalis Carolina 1530	Shakespeare, Copernicous, Non-contiguous empires begin
1600's				Colonization newspapers Francis Bacon, Galileo Scientific Method
1700's				John Locke, Pascal, Boyle, Newton, Franklin, Beccaria, Utilitarians
1700- 1800				England's population doubled
1720's	Jonathan Wild. Executed 1725.	becomes England's most famous & effective Thief-Catcher
1748	Henry Fielding	appointed magistrate in London on Bow Street and set up plainclothes investigative unit called Bow Street Runners for his court.	Printed wanted notices (THE COVENT GARDEN JOURNAL). Paid by reward money when criminals were apprehended.
1753	Sir John Fielding	assumes older brother's court and the Bow Street Runners.	Developed paid informants, employed criminal raids, bore firearms & handcuffs.
late 1700's 1974	Benjamin Rush John Toms		lectures "On the Study of Medical Jurisprudence" mail by coach	Industrial Revolution, Watt, political parties
1789		Creation of Office of US Attorney General. Most federal investigations contracted out to private detectives until 1865.		Declaration of Independence 1776, US Constitution 1789
1789	Andrew Duncan	lectures in legal medicine at U of Edinburgh
1807	Andrew Duncan Jr	1st chair of legal medicine at U of Edinburg
1809 1813	Eugene Vidocq becomes France's most famous thief-catcher Mathiew Orfila is the father of Modern Toxicology		steamboat 1803 gas light in London 1807 steam locomotive 1814
1817		Vidocq forms first Paris police detective bureau, forerunner of la Surete
1818			England abolishes the Parliamentary Reward System
1820-1860			Railroads	Religious reform and social movements, women's rights, popular education
1827	Vidocq	forms private investigative agency	for recovery of stolen property, pursuing criminals and solvency checks.
1829	Sir Robert Peel	proposes Metropolitan Police Act in House of Commons to provide a uniformed police force of 1000 for London. Housed in Scotland Yard with officers nicknamed bobbies.
1830's			Colt revolver, photography, telegraph
1833		Philadelphia created first paid, daylight police force in US but only lasted three years
1835		Formation of the Texas Rangers
1836	Alfred Swain Taylor		The Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence
1836		Congress authorized the Post Office Department to hire agents .	to investigate postal matters
1840	M.J.B Orfela Francis Vincet Raspail	Testified in LaFaye case in France (died of arsenic poison) hired by defense to refute Orfela
1840-1920				increase in population density of 29% in U.S.
1842		Detective branch at Scotland Yard supersedes Bow Street Runners.
1844		New York creates first unified police force in US. Implemented by NYC in 1845.
1846	Francis Tukey appointed Marshall of Boston by Mayor Josiah Quincy, Jr.
1846		First private detective agency in St. Louis
1849	Allen Pinkerton was appointed as Chicago's first detective by Mayor Levi D. Boone.		First separation of investigative function from patrol.	Gold in California
1850's				Spencer, Darwin, John Stuart Mill, Karl Marx
1850		Creation of the Pinkerton Detective Agency.	Private service to railroad properties and other business enterprises. Developed techniques of surveillance and undercover operatives. Established strict code of ethical behavior.
1851	Marshal Francis Tukey.	appointed Detectives in Boston First in New England.	Weekly line-up established in Boston Suspected offenders were inspected by the entire police department.
1856	Pinkerton hires first female detective, Kate Warne
1857		New York created 20 detective positions	New York City police created a photographic rogues' gallery.
1858	William James Herschel (grandson of Sir William Herschel)	required natives in Hooghly district in India to affix fingerprints to contracts, 1st official use of fingerprints in modern times
1860		Chicago established its first detective unit as a result of the increased demand for the performance of investigative functions.
1860's			repeating rifle, dynamite, trans-Atlantic cable	Civil War,
1860-1880's				growth of population and corruption in cities, industrial monopolies, sweat box labor
1865		The U.S. Secret Service was organized to combat counterfeiting. Thru the years the Secret Service loaned investigators to other federal agencies. Massachusetts formed a state investigative agency.
1870's			Transcontinental railroads, electric lighting, phonograph, microphone, telephone	Labor unions, Reconstruction,
1870		US Department of Justice created
1871		The U.S. Attorney General received $50,000 for the detection and prosecution of crimes.
1873		Formation of the North West Mounted Police
1877		Criminal Investigation Department formed in Scotland Yard.
1878		Boston instituted the investigation of deaths by a medical examiner.	This effort represented the first application of pathological investigations of violent crimes.
1879	Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)		began to develop a method for measuring the body for identification. Eleven measurement system of Anthropometry adopted in 1882 & formally recognized in 1888.
1880's			internal combustion engine	Labor riots, labor racketeering
1880	Dr. Henry Faulds William James Herschel		authors articles in Nature suggesting use of fingerprints and technics and a case study
1882	Gilbert Thompson	used his fingerprint on commissary orders in the US Geological Survey
1883	Mark Twain		used fingerprint to solve murder in book "Life on the Mississippi"
1884		Chicago created first municipal Criminal Identification Bureau
1886	Inspector Thomas Byrnes, Chief of Detectives of New York City	instituted "Mulberry Street Morning Parade" of arrested criminals before the detectives.	authors PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS OF AMERICA describing the modus operandi of criminals.
1887	Arthur Conan Doyle		introduces Sherlock Holmes in STUDY IN SCARLET.
1888	Bertillon promoted to chief of the Department of Judicial Identity.		Developed full-face and profile photographs as mugshots and the "portrait parle'" written description of suspects, plaster of paris casting of tracks and UV photography of documents.
1890				Sherman Antitrust Act
1891	Juan Vucetich	Argentinian police installed fingerprint files as official means of criminal identification	used fingerprint as sole evidence to gain conviction in South America.
1892	Francis Galton		published a book entitled FINGERPRINTS. He developed the foundations of a fingerprint classification system that replaced the Bertillon system. Also developed statistical techniques and attempted to determine criminal types anthropologically
1893	Hans Gross		wrote a treatise on CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION. This work became a landmark text emphasizing the importance of reconstructing the crime scene for investigative purposes.
1895	Inspector Thomas Byrnes fired by president of the Board of Police Commissioners, Theodore Roosevelt, in 1895 for selective enforcement and became insurance investigator.
1897		The National Bureau of Criminal Identification was established by the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) and was located in Chicago.
1898	Juan Vucetich		introduced first complete system of fingerprint classification DACTILOSCOPIA COMPARADA
1900	Robert Heindl		introduced fingerprint classification in Germany.
1901	Dr. Karl Landsteiner		discovered blood grouping (on whole blood).
1901	Paul Uhlenhuth		discovers precipitin test to distinguish human blood from animal blood.
1901	Edward Richard Henry	Inspector General of Police in Bengal	publishes book CLASSIFICATION AND USES OF FINGERPRINTS based on Galton's principles and Vucetich's systems.
1902	Bertillon		used fingerprint as sole evidence to solve murder case.
1902	Dr. Henry P. DeForest	NY Civil Service Commission uses fingerprints to identify applicants on tests
1903	Edward Richard Henry	becomes commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police
1903	Will & William West case	in US Penitentiary at Leavenworth, publicizes weakness of Anthropometry	manned powered flight
1903	Rudolph Reiss		published JUDICIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. He also developed method of preserving footprints, and worked on forged fingerprints.
1904		US Penitentiary at Leavenworth and St Louis, Mo Police Dept establish fingerprint bureaus
1904	Det. Sgt Joseph Farot	New York City Police	1st foreigner trained in England on Henry system, breaks "James Jones" case in 1906
1905	U.S. Attorney General Charles Bonaparte (under T. Roosevelt)	established the Bureau of Investigation in the US Department of Justice when Congress forbids federal agencies to borrow investigators from Secret Service.		Pure Food & Drug Acts Einstein - Theory of Relativity
1905		California Bureau of Criminal Identification Creation of Pennsylvania State Police for strike breaking
1905		US Army adopts fingerprints
1907	August Vollmer, Chief of Police Berkley	instituted formal procedures for handling evidence after failure to indict in poison case
1910	Edmond Locard	established first police laboratory in Lyon, France	Model T 1908
1910	Albert S. Osborn		wrote a text entitled QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS. This pioneering work led to the acceptance of the scientific examination of documents in courts Radiography.
1915	Dr. Leone Lattes		developed a procedure for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain.
1915	Dr. Charles Norris Dr. Alexander Gettler	1st ME in NYC ME system in NYC, civil service appt 1st forensic tox in ME office
1917-1920			poison gas	WW I,
1920's		Prohibition enforced by IRS in Dept of Treasury (up to 4000 "T-men")	Tommy gun	rise in prosperity & KKK & Organized Crime,
1923	Colonel Calvin Goddard		utilized the comparison microscope for firearms examinations.
1923	August Vollmer.	established the first forensic laboratory in the Los Angeles Police Department
1924	J. Edgar Hoover became the director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.	records from Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary and the National Bureau of Criminal Identification became a division of the Bureau of Investigation.	Instituted non-political appointment of investigators.
1926	Goddard	founds Bureau of Forensic Ballistics in New York.	talking motion pictures 1927
1928			Model A Ford, penicillin
1930's			development of airlines & air power	Great Depression,
1930		The Federal Bureau of Narcotics was established in the Treasury Department.	First UNIFORM CRIME REPORTS BULLETIN published.
1931				Wickersham Commission (under H. Hoover) decried "third degree" used by police.
1932		The Bureau of Investigation established a forensic laboratory.		The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre.
1934	Calvin Goddard became the director of the Laboratory at Northwestern	New York City Police Department establishes crime laboratory. Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory at Northwestern University	.
1935	Harry Soderman and NYCPD Inspector John O'Connell		wrote MODERN CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION.
1935		The Bureau of Investigation establishes the National Police Academy and becomes the FBI.	Radar
1937	Dr. Paul L. Kirk	Criminalistics program at U. Cal, Berkley
1937		forensic pathology at Harvard Med School
1939		1st statewide ME system in Maryland
1941-1945			jet aircraft, nuclear reactors, aqualung, computer	WW II, Atomic bomb,
1942		The Office of Security was established in the US State Department	to conduct background investigations of applicants and protect against subversive activities and espionage.
1945				Cold War begins
1950	Ralph Turner		established criminalistics program at Michigan State University. (James E. Halligan, Jr. was first graduate) transistor 1948	Korean War
1952		The Inspection Service of the IRS was created to maintain internal security against bribery and embezzlement. The State of California creates the Commission on Peace Officers Standards and Training.		H bomb
1953	Dr. Paul L. Kirk (1902-1970)		published CRIME INVESTIGATION: PHYSICAL EVIDENCE AND THE POLICE LABORATORY.	DNA structure
1955		Florida establishes the Florida Sheriff's Bureau with a crime laboratory and central records unit.	hovercraft, Sputnik 1957
1960's		FSU started teaching an investigation course - Halligan taught it for 33 years	instrumental analysis becomes important in crime laboratories LEAA, LEEP funding Laser	Viet Nam War JFK, MLK assignated
1963		The Illinois State Legislature passed a bill establishing the Illinois Crime Investigating Commission	to fight organized crime
1965			The FBI started to develop the National Crime Information Center (NCIC) to collect data on wanted persons, stolen vehicles and stolen property.
1967		Florida establishes the Bureau of Law Enforcement after Gov. Kirk hires Wackenhut agents for state investigations.
1968		Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs created in Dept of Justice (Became DEA in 1973)
1970's			use of enzyme typing in dried blood developed in Scotland Yard (began in 1974 in US) 747 jumbo jet, Apollo 11, communication satellites	US retreats from Viet Nam, Nixon resigns, 3 Mile Island, Iran hostages
1980's			AFIS developed DNA typing developed	proliferation of computer, space shuttle Fall of Communism
1987			First use of DNA typing in England
1995			online firearms database